• From trace amounts to a daily staple — In 1865, Americans consumed almost no seed oils. Fats came mostly from animals in the form of lard, tallow, and butter. By 2014, the average person was consuming about 65 grams of vegetable oils per day. As noted by Dr. Paul Saladino in “Fed a Lie”:

“The average American consumes 3 to 5 tablespoons of seed oils per day, and it’s in almost all ultraprocessed food — salad dressings, it’s in cookies, it’s in cakes, it’s in crackers, it’s in breads, it’s in plant milks.

To consume the equivalent of 3 to 5 tablespoons of corn oil, we would have to eat 60 to 70 ears of corn. To consume the equivalent of 3 to 5 tablespoons of soybean oil, we’re looking at more than 2 pounds of soybeans. Amounts that would never ever have encountered historically as human.

So, what we have here is a very striking discordance between what we have done for hundreds of thousands of years and what we’re eating today in our diets — incredibly evolutionary and consistent consumption of seed oils, which are just easy to consume today.”³

• Seed oils are the single most processed food on the planet — “Seeds, nuts, [and] beans can only be made into an oil in a factory. It needs to go through so many industrial steps in order to create the oil,” explains Nina Teicholz, Ph.D., the author of New York Times bestseller, “The Big Fat Surprise.”

Saladino adds that the process involves heating the oils to 500°F, which causes them to become “rancid, oxidized, or rusted in the colloquial sense.” To make them palatable, they must then be deodorized before sale.

• Seed oils are industrial products by design — Cottonseed oil, which is the first of its kind, had originally been used as a lubricant for machinery during the Industrial Revolution. According to Teicholz:

“After we had hunted all the whales out of the ocean — we hunted the whales mainly for their fat — when we lost that source of fat, it had to be replaced. Cottonseed oil came in to fill that need for all kinds of machinery, for making candles and soaps, and that was it. Then, Procter & Gamble came along and said, ‘Let’s try to sell this as a food stuff.'”⁴

• Crisco marked the beginning of industrial oils as food — The first major shift came in 1911 with the release of Crisco, which was sold as fake lard but made entirely of vegetable oils, originally cottonseed oil. “Butter and lard, and even tallow, began to be replaced and supplanted, and this is what took off in the 20th century,” Dr. Chris Knobbe notes in the interview.

• Crisco replaced traditional fats through marketing, not merit — In 1913, two years after Crisco was introduced, a book titled “The Story of Crisco” was published to describe how quickly the product took over American kitchens. This book was written by the former vice president of the American Heart Association (AHA), with messaging that implied animal fats were harmful, despite being part of the human diet for generations.

“And so, the nation’s cookbook has been hauled out and is being revised. Upon thousands of pages the word lard and butter have been crossed out and the word Crisco written in their place,” Teicholz says. “It was the earnest aim of the makers of Crisco to produce a strictly vegetable product without adding a hard and consequently indigestible animal fat.”⁵

• Procter & Gamble’s donation transformed the AHA overnight — The American Heart Association was described as a small, struggling organization with little public presence and limited ability to influence health policy. Cardiologists were rare because heart disease was less common, and the group lacked the funding to operate on a national level.

That changed when Procter & Gamble gave the AHA $1.7 million (equivalent to $20 million today) in 1948. With that donation, the AHA quickly expanded its research programs and public messaging. The timing and scale of this gift marked a turning point, positioning the organization to promote dietary guidelines that aligned closely with the food industry’s interests.

• What started as an economic decision became a medical directive — American housewives had already begun switching to seed oils because they were cheaper than animal fats. But once the AHA began promoting these oils as heart-healthy, the shift accelerated. What had been a matter of cost now carried the weight of medical authority, reinforcing the idea that vegetable oils were the responsible choice for families.

• Government policy and subsidies helped entrench seed oils in the food system — Starting in the 1970s, federal dietary guidelines warned against saturated fat and encouraged the use of polyunsaturated oils (PUFAs). At the same time, farm subsidies favored crops like soy and corn, making their industrial byproducts cheap and abundant.

Food companies adopted these oils across the board because they were inexpensive and easy to use in mass production. Once seed oils became standard in processed food and institutional cooking, they were almost impossible to avoid.

• The Ancel Keys Hypothesis featured flawed science and cherry-picked data — One of the most influential studies supporting the diet-heart hypothesis was the Seven Countries Study, led by Ancel Keys in the 1950s,⁷ which suggested a correlation between saturated fat intake and heart disease.

His findings laid the foundation for dietary guidelines that demonized animal fats and promoted vegetable oils as a healthier alternative. However, the study was purely observational and could not establish causation.

As explained in the documentary, Keys “cherry-picked his countries to get the desired results that he wanted.” Countries like Switzerland, France, and Germany, where people consumed high levels of saturated fat but had low rates of heart disease, were excluded. Instead, Keys focused on countries that had been ravaged by war and were eating lower-fat diets at the time of data collection.

• Early warnings ignored: The Rose Corn Oil Trial — This is one of the earliest clinical trials to examine seed oil effects on heart health and was conducted in 1956. Participants were given 19 teaspoons of corn oil daily and followed for three years.

The study was stopped early because the group consuming corn oil experienced significantly more deaths. At the end of the study, the researchers concluded, “[U]nder the circumstances of this trial, corn oil cannot be recommended as a treatment of ischemic heart disease. It is most unlikely to be beneficial, and it is possibly harmful.”

• Clinical trials in the 1980s linked seed oils to cancer — In the early 1980s, a series of high-quality clinical trials began to show a connection between seed oil consumption and cancer, particularly colon cancer.

The documentary notes that this was in a dozen clinical trials, and the results were strong enough to prompt high-level meetings at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Top scientists involved could not agree on an explanation for the cancer findings, but they chose to overlook them, citing the perceived benefits of cholesterol reduction.

• Toxicity concerns from animal studies were dismissed — Teicholz shared that animal research linked seed oils to liver damage and the formation of toxic oxidation products. However, these findings, like the human data on cancer, were not integrated into official guidance. Instead, institutional decision-making prioritized cholesterol reduction above all else.

• Lowering cholesterol showed no benefit — Seed oils do lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol, but that reduction has not translated into better outcomes.

“In large clinical trials, the most rigorous kind of evidence on 76,000 people, lowering your LDL cholesterol by consuming seed oils has never been shown to have any benefit for death from heart disease or death from any cause,” Teicholz notes.⁸

• Calls for updated research go unanswered — Despite these warning signs, new high-quality studies comparing seed oils to saturated fats have not been funded. As Saladino states, “no pharmaceutical company will ever fund a study looking at saturated fat versus seed oils today.” As a result, the public is left relying on outdated and incomplete data, while the known risks continue to be downplayed or ignored.

• LA builds up in the body and drives oxidative damage — Unlike other fats that are quickly metabolized or excreted, LA embeds itself in body fat and cell membranes. Its chemical structure makes it highly susceptible to oxidation, and once oxidized, it generates harmful byproducts. Knobbe explains:

“These seed oil components, the omega-6 linoleic acid, accumulate in our bodies. It accumulates in our fat. It accumulates in our cell membranes. And this sets up this environment that is prooxidative, pro-inflammatory, toxic, and nutrient-deficient …

Many people know that arsenic, for example, is a very damaging molecule. It’s a very dangerous poison, and it’s dangerous because it’s a prooxidant, and if the dose is high enough, it’ll kill you very fast. But if the dose is really low, then it behaves just like vegetable oils. They’re both prooxidative. So arsenic kills us through oxidation, vegetable oils ultimately maim and kill us mostly through oxidation.”¹²

• LA stays in the body for years, not days — I discussed this same issue in my reviews, published in the journal Nutrients¹³ and Advances in Redox Research.¹⁴ As explained in these papers, the half-life of LA in the body is about 680 days, meaning it takes up to six years to replace 95% of it. Because it gets stored in adipose tissue and incorporated into the lipid bilayers of cells, its presence is long-lasting and difficult to reverse.

• Oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs) drive systemic oxidative stress — When LA is heated, stored, or metabolized in excess, it forms OXLAMs, damaging breakdown products that are biologically active. OXLAMs like 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) are generated during lipid peroxidation and damage DNA, proteins, mitochondria, and even stem cells. These oxidized byproducts have been linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions.

• Stored LA contributes to mitochondrial injury — Mitochondria use a special fat called cardiolipin to help generate energy. As LA dominates the diet, it becomes a major building block of cardiolipin, making it fragile and prone to oxidation. The result is impaired energy production, increased oxidative stress, and higher vulnerability to chronic disease. This damage shows up in high-energy organs like the heart and brain, contributing to widespread dysfunction.

• Excess LA fuels chronic inflammation — Once oxidized, LA and its metabolites act like molecular triggers for inflammation. My papers detail how these compounds damage cell membranes and trigger inflammatory cascades that affect the liver, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. Animal models show that dietary seed oils rich in LA promote liver injury, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative damage in the brain.

• Cardiovascular damage is amplified by LA oxidation — The oxidation of LA in LDL particles is a key step in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. The byproduct 4-HNE, for instance, is not only a mutagen and mitochondrial toxin but also a direct contributor to foam cell formation and endothelial dysfunction.

• Ancestral diets were rich in saturated fat, yet people were free of chronic disease — The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania were documented in the 1970s as consuming a diet of milk, meat, and blood, with two-thirds of their calories coming from animal fat. In the South Pacific, the Tokelau population lived on a diet based heavily on coconut and fish, with saturated fat making up about 50% of their intake. Despite the high fat content, both groups had low rates of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.

• LA levels in body fat have changed dramatically — The average level of LA in human adipose tissue was around 2.8% in people eating natural diets. But in the U.S., levels rose sharply to 9.1% in 1959 and climbed to 21.5% by 2008. These changes reflect how deeply industrial seed oils have altered the makeup of human tissue over just a few generations.

• Bethany Hamilton’s story highlights what’s possible without seed oils — In the documentary, professional surfer Bethany Hamilton describes the benefits she experienced after removing seed oils from her diet. She reported more consistent energy, better sleep, and stronger athletic performance. Her fourth pregnancy, which followed the dietary shift, was her healthiest yet. She also observed that her children became more emotionally stable and resilient.

• Shop the perimeter, skip the processed center — Avoid the central aisles of the grocery store where most processed and ultraprocessed products are shelved. Items like crackers, cookies, chips, salad dressings, and plant-based milks often contain soybean, canola, sunflower, or safflower oil, even when marketed as “heart-healthy.” Instead, focus on unprocessed animal foods, fresh produce, and items that don’t come with long ingredient lists.

• Clean out your cooking oils — Many homes still stock common seed oils like canola, sunflower, and safflower. Toss them out and replace them with traditional fats such as butter, ghee, and coconut oil for cooking. They’re stable, naturally rich in fat-soluble vitamins, and don’t contribute to oxidative stress the way seed oils do.

• Skip ultraprocessed foods and restaurant meals — Many restaurant meals are loaded with seed oils, as they’re used in sauces, dressings, marinades, and other ingredients across nearly every item on the menu. Even meals that appear healthy often contain multiple sources of LA. Cooking at home gives you full control over your ingredients and makes it easier to avoid hidden oils.

The same goes for ultraprocessed meals. You don’t have to overhaul your diet overnight. Start by swapping out one food or snack at a time. Focus on finding a few reliable products made without seed oils and rebuild your pantry from there. Once LA sources are out of your kitchen and off your plate, maintaining a cleaner, more nourishing way of eating becomes far more sustainable.

• Track your LA intake with smart tools — I recommend keeping your LA intake below 5 grams per day — 2 grams or less is even better. To monitor your intake, use an online nutrition tracker like my upcoming Health Coach app, which launches in early July.

The Health Coach app features Seed-Oil Sleuths™, a built-in tool that scans restaurant menus and grocery items, calculates your daily seed oil exposure to the nearest tenth of a gram, and helps you stay on track effortlessly. Scan the QR code below to join the early-access list and be first in line for smarter, cleaner eating.

• Explore the benefits of C15:0 — This odd-chain saturated fat, found in full-fat dairy, is a metabolically protective compound. Early research suggests that C15:0 supports mitochondrial function, reduces inflammation, and helps counteract some of the cellular stress triggered by LA overload.^17,18 Take pure pentadecanoic acid or high-C15:0 butter or ghee concentrate. Split the dose between meals to maintain consistent plasma levels and minimize tissue uptake.